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Cracking the toefl ibt 2008 part 36

According to the director ol the Avida project, the processes undergone by the digital creatures are the same as those experienced by biologrcal organisms. The only difference fs that biological entities are based on strings of DMA, whereas the digital creations from Avida are based on strings of ones and zeros. | 5 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that ancient peoples believed trees had individual spirits A They apologized to a tree before cutting it down. B They had rules against injuring tree bark. C They thought trees could express pain. D They gave each tree a personal name. The Veneration of Three In The Golden Bough his classic catalog of mythologies Sir James George Frazer extensively documents the significance of trees in world religion. His chapters on tree spirits roam from Northern Europe in the Eastern Seaboard of what is now the United States to the islands of the Pacific Despite the lack pt contact among these regions the veneration of trees united them. The woods that covered large areas of Europe and North America particularly were difficult to and dangerous to cross. It was not a great mental leap for people to see the tress that populated them as embodiments ol ttie natural forces that governed their lives. On lhe basis ot Frazer s classification one can derive three loose stages ot tree worship. In the Href a society sees the tree as the physical body of the spirit that Inhabits it. much as lhe human body can be seen as housing the mind It Is known that both the Celtic and the Germanic tribes that Inhabited ancient Northern Europe regarded raiain trees as sacred setting them apart by species as the Druids worshipped oaks or by location the way certain natural groves were regarded as natural temples or sacred spases in what is now Germany Early on each of these trees was regarded as an animate being with both spirit and body. Il had a distinct identity like an individual person. This Suggests lint it was believed Io have the same impulses and reactions as the people who venerated it. Accordingly ancient peoples had elaborate taboos designed to avoid causing offense to trees These taboos were taken very seriously In some places one could be punished IBM for injuring the bark ot a tree or stealing its fruit. Before a tree was tel led tor .