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Mastering skills for the toefl ibt part 4

Tham khảo tài liệu 'mastering skills for the toefl ibt part 4', ngoại ngữ, toefl - ielts - toeic phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Mastering-Books_5 2006.5.29 2 13 PM Page 723 help and it turns out that among birds and mammals whose males engage in paternal behavior the males actually have higher levels of blood prolactin just like mothers. We also see changes in blood testosterone levels in these fathers. Animals that have fewer children for example bears tend to be more committed to them than are animals that have litters for example rats . Because mammals with fewer offspring procreate less the survival of each one of their offspring is that much more important. It is also interesting to note that a species with fewer offspring can more easily influence the behavior of those offspring through reward and punishment to bring about desirable behavior. Of course it s biologically important for parents and offspring to create a bond. That way parents will support and protect the young so that they can grow to reproductive age and continue the species into the future. So there are three basic phases that lead to this bonding. The first phase is the preparatory phase in which the mother s body prepares to nourish the child. The second phase is the delivery phase in which the mother s body prepares itself for the trauma of giving birth and the baby is actually delivered. The third phase is the parental response after birth in which emotional bonds are made between parents and offspring. It s also important to note that the fewer the offspring produced the stronger the bond. 05 Campus Life W Yes how can I assist you M Hi. Ummm. I want to get some information. W OK what kind of information would you like M About the campus counseling. I think I might need some help. W I see. Well that s what we are here for to help students like you. M Good. W Now I just need to ask you a few questions. M Sure like what W Well first what is the nature of your problem Is it mainly academic Is it a health issue Is it financial or is it perhaps related to a relationship problem M Oh OK. Hmmm. Well it s kind of .