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International Economics Theory and Policy Part 2

Chương này xem xét các chính sách mà chính phủ áp dụng đối với thương mại quốc tế, các chính sách liên quan đến một số hành động khác nhau. | PART 2 International Trade Policy 185 CHAPTER 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Previous chapters have answered the question Why do nations trade by describing the causes and effects of international trade and the functioning of a trading world economy. While this question is interesting in itself its answer is much more interesting if it helps answer the question What should a nation s trade policy be Should the United States use a tariff or an import quota to protect its automobile industry against competition from Japan and South Korea Who will benefit and who will lose from an import quota Will the benefits outweigh the costs This chapter examines the policies that governments adopt toward international trade policies that involve a number of different actions. These actions include taxes on some international transactions subsidies for other transactions legal limits on the value or volume of particular imports and many other measures.The chapter provides a framework for understanding the effects of the most important instruments of trade policy. sic Tariff Analysis A tariff the simplest of trade policies is a tax levied when a good is imported. Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported for example 3 per barrel of oil . Ad valorem tariffs are taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods for example a 25 percent U.S. tariff on imported trucks . In either case the effect of the tariff is to raise the cost of shipping goods to a country. Tariffs are the oldest form of trade policy and have traditionally been used as a source of government income. Until the introduction of the income tax for instance the U.S. government raised most of its revenue from tariffs. Their true purpose however has usually been not only to provide revenue but to protect particular domestic sectors. In the early nineteenth century the United Kingdom used tariffs the famous Corn Laws to protect its agriculture from import .