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Peterson’s master toefl vocabulary part 4

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TOEFL vababulary questions ask you to identify the meanings of words and phrases that appear in the reading passages. The words and phrases that are tested are important to understanding the entire passage, and, for the most part, you will have to figure out their meanings. On the TOEFL iBT, however, if there are technical or unusual words in the passage, you will see the definition presented in a box. | 12 PART I TOEFL Vocabulary Basics Restatement Context Clues Here s how one writer defined the word levee right in the passage The Army Corps of Engineers distributed 26 million plastic bags throughout the region. Volunteers filled each bag with 35 pounds of sand and then stacked them to create levees makeshift barriers against the floodwaters. Right after the word levee readers get the definition makeshift barriers against the floodwaters. You can also use an entire passage to get a general sense of difficult words. For example define epidemic as it is used in the following sentence Nearly 40 million Americans are overweight obesity has become an epidemic. Since the sentence describes the epidemic as affecting 40 million people odds are good that epidemic means something that happens to a large group of people. Sometimes you won t be able to pinpoint the precise meaning. Here for instance you might infer that an epidemic indicates a widespread threat but you might miss the subtle connection between epidemic and disease. Nonetheless this clue might be just enough to help you define a new word that you encounter on a standardized test. Each of the following sentences contains a restatement context clue. The unfamiliar word is in italics and the definition is in parentheses. As you read cover the answer in parentheses and see if you can figure it out. 1. Fatty deposits on artery walls combine with calcium compounds to cause arteriosclerosis hardening of the arteries. Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries 2. The upper part of the heart on the left side the left atrium receives blood returning from circulation. Atrium means the upper part of the heart 3. In many Native American tribes the shaman or medicine man acted as a ceremonial priest. Shaman means medicine man 4. I believe that life is short so we should enjoy what we eat. As a result I consume mass quantities of confectioneries candies and keep my dentist on retainer. Confectioneries means candies 5. .