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Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 35

Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 35. This book provides the most current frameworks, research, and approaches for understanding how unique features of the urban physical and social environments that shape the health of over half of the world's population that is already residing in large cities. Its interdisciplinary research and practice focus is a welcome innovation. | Glossary 321 Levels of analysis describe a hierarchical system of considering the influence of different levels of organization on health. Anderson identified five major levels of analysis in health research social environmental behavioral psychological organ systems cellular and molecular. A variety of conceptual models exist to address the linkages among these levels.20 Levels of social organization relate to the classification of forms of social organization ranging from the smallest simplest unit to the largest and most complex. Although there are various typologies or classification systems those used in public health research and practice generally include the individual interpersonal organizational community national and global levels. Life course perspective refers to how health status at specific ages reflects not only contemporary conditions but the embodiment of prior living circumstances in utero onward and their biological and social trajectories over time.21 Methods research methods are systematic approaches to collecting data to answer a research question. Research methods usually refer to strategies for collecting data whereas analytic strategies are used to organize and interpret these data. Multidisciplinary research is defined by the National Academy of Sciences as research that involves more than a single discipline in which each discipline makes a separate contribution.19 Multilevel analysis refers to statistical methodologies that analyze outcomes simultaneously in relation to determinants measured at different levels such as individual workplace neighborhood nation or geographic region. If conducted properly these analyses can potentially assess whether individuals health is shaped by not only individual or household characteristics but also population or area characteristics.19 Multisectoral initiatives are those that work in more than one sector e.g. education health care or the environment . Intersectoral is another term used to describe .