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Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 17

Urban Health and Society: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Research and Practice - Part 17. This book provides the most current frameworks, research, and approaches for understanding how unique features of the urban physical and social environments that shape the health of over half of the world's population that is already residing in large cities. Its interdisciplinary research and practice focus is a welcome innovation. | Implications for Public Policy 141 the labor market. Although its scientific basis is open to question this view has gathered great political momentum. It has served as a basis for important policies including key aspects of national welfare policy.86 Despite dramatic reductions in U.S. rates of teen childbearing over the past fifty years teen childbearing continues to occur disproportionately among low-income African Americans. Indeed in such high-poverty urban African American populations as Detroit Watts or Chicago s South Side the modal age for first childbirth is in the teenage years.60 According to our analysis this is because early fertility remains in sync with the needs of local family economies and caregiving systems in high-poverty black communities. Weathering challenges even threatens family economies and caregiving systems as it increases the probability of widowhood or orphanhood and prolonged disability.95 These risks and their adverse effects are reduced when childbearing occurs early and child rearing is seen as the obligation of a multigenerational kin network rather than of a biological nuclear family. Children may fare best if their birth and preschool years coincide with their mother s peak health and access to social and practical support provided by relatively healthy kin. This period occurs at a younger age for African American than for white women. In fact 1990 infant mortality rates for teen mothers in Harlem were half those for older mothers even though the preponderance of older first-time mothers in Harlem were only in their twenties.1 Nor do empirical findings related to child development and school achievement provide consistent endorsement for the political viewpoint that teen childbearing harms children. Moore et al. 96 for example found that in their national sample of four- to fourteen-year-olds black children whose mothers were eighteen or nineteen at their birth performed better in reading and math than those whose mothers were