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The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 19

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The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 19. The book is alphabetized by the whole headings of entries, as distinct from the first word of a heading. Hence, for example, abandonment comes before a priori and a posteriori. It is wise to look elsewhere if something seems to be missing. At the end of the book there is also a useful appendix on Logical Symbols as well as the appendices A Chronological Table of Philosophy and Maps of Philosophy. | 160 Confucius power should ideally be the basis for government. Edicts and punishment can at best secure behavioural conformity but if a ruler has approximated the ideal he will care about and provide for the people who will be attracted to him and be inspired to reform themselves. k.-l.s. Confucianism Chinese philosophy. Confucius The Analects tr. D. C. Lau Harmondsworth 1979 . conjunction. A proposition P and Q is a conjunction where P and Q are each propositions. The English connective and conjoining propositions is sometimes ambiguous. For example temporal succession may or may not be implicit in Sally arrived late andJane scolded her . In the propositional calculus a conjunction P Q is true if and only if each conjunct is true. Alternative notations for are a and juxtaposition. The inference of P Q from premiss P and premiss Q is known as the rule of conjunction. r.b.m. truth-function. W. V. Quine Methods of Logic 4th edn. Cambridge Mass. 1982 . connectionism. An approach in artificial intelligence and cognitive science aimed at producing biologically realistic models of the brain and of mental processing sometimes called PDP parallel distributed processing . In old-fashioned or cognitivist accounts the brain is viewed as a symbol manipulator. In PDP or connection-ist accounts the brain is viewed as a complex weave of multilayered networks. The units of a network which may be compared to the brain s neurons are simple processors and the connections between them of which there are massively many have different strengths. Information-processing is parallel i.e. much is carried on simultaneously and it is distributed i.e. any individual connection participates in the storage of many different items of information. There is controversy about the exact significance ofthis new approach and about its repercussions for debates in the philosophy ofmind. j.horn. K. Plunkett Connectionism Today Synthese 129 2 2001 . William Ramsey Stephen P. Stich and David E. Rumelhart