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Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume III - South Asia - Q,R

Bách khoa toàn thư nền nông nghiệp thế giới - Vùng Nam Á - Vần Q | Qalandar 245 Needham Rodney 1958 . A Structural Analysis of Purum Society. American Anthropologist 60 75-101. Shakespear John 1912 . The Lushei Kuki Clans. London Macmillan. HUGH R. PAGE JR. Qalandar ETHNONYMS Bandarwala Bhaluwala Khanabaddsh Orientation Identification. Qalandar pronounced like the English word colander are a widely dispersed endogamous population of nomadic entertainers found throughout South Asia. Practicing a variety of entertainment strategies their name and ethnic identity are based on their skill in handling training and entertaining with bears and monkeys. Location. Qalandar are scattered throughout Pakistan and North India most heavily concentrated in the Punjab. The word Punjab is derived from Indo-Persian panch five and ab water . The five rivers of the Punjab are from north to south the Jhelum Chenab Ravi Beas and Sutlej. The international boundary established in 1947 separating Pakistan from India cuts across four of these rivers and divided the Punjab politically between the two nations. Disputes over distribution of water and religious conflict among Hindus Muslims and Sikhs keep tensions high along the frontier thus prohibiting free movement of Qalandar along their traditional travel routes from Peshawar to Lahore in Pakistan to Amritsar and Delhi in India. Demography. There is no accurate demographic or census information on Qalandar in either Pakistan or India. Today there are about 4 000 Qalandar in Pakistan and many times more in north India. Sufficient and predictable sources of water have sustained the development of dense networks of small agriculture-based villages towns and trade and metropolitan centers. The high population density of the area about 192 persons per square kilometer forms an ideal economic niche for the Qalandar. The dense and perdurable membership of these sedentary communities forms a peripatetics niche where there is a constant demand for specialized goods and or services that sedentary communities cannot