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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 68

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 68. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART THREE TRANSPORT occupied what was left of Peenemunde and the V-2 production plants and obtained the assistance of a number of V-2 technicians. After learning all they could about V-2 technology the USSR and the USA exploited their advantage in different ways. By 1949 both had atomic weapons but these were heavy and bulky and would need an enormous rocket to carry them. America relied on aircraft to deliver atomic weapons from European bases within striking distance of Soviet territory and began developing winged cruise missiles capable of carrying atomic warheads. Rocket development was shelved until smaller lighter warheads were available. Soviet work concentrated on developing the large rockets that would be needed to carry a nuclear warhead across the Atlantic. Meanwhile scientists had realized that advances in rocket technology had made it possible to launch a small satellite. The International Geophysical Year scheduled for 1957-8 provided a good reason both the Soviet Union and the USA announced satellite programmes for the IGY but little attention was paid to the Soviet announcement. American belief in their technological leadership was shattered when the Soviet Union launched the world s first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957 Figure 13.3 . On 4 November Sputnik 2 followed. Both satellites were for the time large and heavy showing that the Russians had developed rockets more powerful than any the Americans had at the time. On 6 December the experimental American Vanguard satellite launcher exploded on its launch pad in full view of the world s press. The events of those three months had shown that space technology was a powerful propaganda weapon and in the cold war climate between East and West an undeclared space race began between the two superpowers. MANNED SPACEFLIGHT AND THE SPACE RACE On 12 April 1961 a Russian became the first man in space when Yuri Gagarin s Vostok spacecraft completed a single orbit of the earth. Their powerful