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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 70

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 70. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART FOUR COMMUNICATION AND CALCULATION as Pliny s Historia naturalis first printed in 1469 and the earliest scientific work of all to be printed astronomy was the subject most treated as it was the area of science more advanced than any other. Early in the next century technological books began to appear on mining the assay of metals glassmaking distilling. In mid-century appeared books that were to initiate profound changes in the way man thought of his place in the universe above all Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium printed in Nuremberg in 1543. The book wasjoined by the periodical as scientific work gathered pace from the mid-seventeenth century in order to report progress more quickly and conveniently. The earliest of these periodicals that is still current is the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society which began to appear in 1665. The book was not of course a new medium the printer took it over from the scribe. But he did invent a new medium the printed sheet to advertise or give information. The earliest surviving piece of printing and also the earliest piece to come from Caxton s press is of this kind. It was an indulgence an announcement that a pardon was available to those who undertook certain good works. There flowered a whole variety of ephemeral printing that was to be the lot of the jobbing printer. During the sixteenth century the printers began to satisfy a growing demand for up-to-date information and entertainment in a more suitable form than the book. From hand-written news reports circulated by hand was born the news-book and then the news-sheet. At first spasmodic the earliest English example provided an account of the Battle of Flodden in 1513 they became regular and emerged as the first true newspapers with the publication of AvisoRelation oder Zeitung edited in Prague but printed in Wolfenbuttel and the Relation of the Strasburg printerJohann Carolus both in 1609. Corantos as they were called began to spread and the