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An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 93

An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 93. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | 19 THE DOMESTIC INTERIOR TECHNOLOGY AND THE HOME DOREEN YARWOOD SURFACE COVERINGS AND DECORATION Walls Before the late thirteenth century the inside surfaces of the walls of a well-to-do home were usually thinly plastered over the stone or timber-framed structure see Chapter 18 . For decoration this plaster was then painted in patterns or scenes. For warmth in the winter months hangings of wool or richer fabrics were affixed in wealthy households tapestries replaced hangings. The practice of lining interior walls with wood dates from the thirteenth century. Such a lining was not panelling but made of boards fixed vertically tongued and grooved to give a flat face to the interior of the room. The preferred wood was wainscot a medieval term for a high quality oak grown along the Baltic coastal plain from Holland to Russia. The term is believed to derive from wain an early form of wagon for which the wood was also used. Before long wainscoting came to refer to any type of wood wall lining. The next stage was panel-and-frame construction a system ofjoined framed panelling which was developed in Flanders and Germany and introduced into England in the fifteenth century it was an important technical advance. The thin wood panels were tapered on all four sides to fit into grooves made in the framework of thicker horizontal and vertical members which were mortised and tenoned together then fastened with wood pegs. This method of wood covering made by a craftsman joiner was more satisfactory than the earlier one as it allowed space for contraction and expansion in the atmosphere and so maintained its form. Early panels were decorated by painting. From about 902 THE DOMESTIC INTERIOR 1485 linenfold panelling carved to represent folded material was introduced and this was replaced by the mid-sixteenth century with a more varied form of carved decoration or one made by inlays of coloured woods. Paper wall hangings wallpaper were first made as a cheaper substitute for the .