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Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 57

Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 57 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 508 Geothermal and hydrothermal energy Global Resources Top Consumers of Geothermal Energy 2005 Megawatt Capacity Gigawatt- Hours per Year United States 7 817 8 678 Sweden 4 200 12 000 China 3 687 12 605 Iceland 1 844 6 806 Turkey 1 495 6 900 Japan 822 2 862 Hungary 694 2 206 Italy 607 2 098 New Zealand 308 1 969 Note Worldwide installed capacity for direct use increased from 8 604 megawatts in 1995 to 28 268 megawatts in 2005. Yearly direct use increased from 31 236 gigawatt-hours per year in 1995 to 75 943 gigawatt-hours per year in 2005. can be cascaded such that the wastewater and heat from one is the input heat source to the next. An example is the cascading of systems used for electricity generation fruit drying and home heating. Finally the distance between the geothermal source and the plant or user should be minimized as there can be significant transmission losses in heat as well as high costs for pipe pumps valves and maintenance. Electrictity Current and Future Prospects The United States leads the world in electrical generating capacity. The U.S. installed geothermal electrical generating capacity has moved from 2 228 megawatts in 2000 to 2 534 megawatts in 2005 to 2 958 megawatts as of 2008. This U.S. generating capacity is spread over seven states but is concentrated in California. As of 2008 California had 2 555 megawatts of generating capacity. The other states with geothermal electrical generating capacity are Alaska Idaho with one plant of 13-megawatt capacity Hawaii with one plant that delivers 25 to 35 megawatts supplying about 20 percent of the island s electrical needs New Mexico with a 0.24-megawatt pilot project online and a 10-megawatt station that was expected to come online in 2009 Nevada with seventeen geothermal power plants totaling 318 megawatts of capacity and Utah with one plant with a capacity of 36 megawatts. As of 2009 projects totaling 3 960 megawatts of additional generating capacity were at least at stage one of development .