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The Insects - Outline of Entomology 3th Edition - Chapter 10

Chapter 10 AQUATIC INSECTS Every inland waterbody, whether a river, stream, seepage, or lake, supports a biological community. The most familiar components often are the vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians. | TIC10 5 20 04 4 43 PM Page 239 Chapter 10 AQUATIC INSECTS A black-fly larva in the typical filter-feeding posture. After Currie 1986. TIC10 5 20 04 4 43 PM Page 240 240 Aquatic insects Every inland waterbody whether a river stream seepage or lake supports a biological community. The most familiar components often are the vertebrates such as fish and amphibians. However at least at the macroscopic level invertebrates provide the highest number of individuals and species and the highest levels of biomass and production. In general the insects dominate freshwater aquatic systems where only nematodes can approach the insects in terms of species numbers biomass and productivity. Crustaceans may be abundant but are rarely diverse in species in saline especially temporary inland waters. Some representatives of nearly all orders of insects live in water and there have been many invasions of freshwater from the land. Insects have been almost completely unsuccessful in marine environments with a few sporadic exceptions such as some water-striders Hemiptera Gerridae and larval dipterans. This chapter surveys the successful insects of aquatic environments and considers the variety of mechanisms they use to obtain scarce oxygen from the water. Some of their morphological and behavioral modifications to life in water are described including how they resist water movement and a classification based on feeding groups is presented. The use of aquatic insects in biological monitoring of water quality is reviewed and the few insects of the marine and intertidal zones are discussed. Taxonomic boxes summarize information on mayflies Ephemeroptera dragonflies and damselflies Odonata stoneflies Plecoptera caddisflies Trichoptera and other orders of importance in aquatic ecosystems. 10.1 TAXONOMIC DISTRIBUTION AND TERMINOLOGY The orders of insects that are almost exclusively aquatic in their immature stages are the Ephemeroptera mayflies Box 10.1 Odonata damselflies and dragonflies Box .