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Chapter 077. Approach to the Patient with Cancer (Part 6)

Tumor markers may be useful in patient management in certain tumors. Response to therapy may be difficult to gauge with certainty. However, some tumors produce or elicit the production of markers that can be measured in the serum or urine and, in a particular patient, rising and falling levels of the marker are usually associated with increasing or decreasing tumor burden, respectively. Some clinically useful tumor markers are shown in Table 77-5. Tumor markers are not in themselves specific enough to permit a diagnosis of malignancy to be made, but once a malignancy has been diagnosed and shown to. | Chapter 077. Approach to the Patient with Cancer Part 6 Tumor markers may be useful in patient management in certain tumors. Response to therapy may be difficult to gauge with certainty. However some tumors produce or elicit the production of markers that can be measured in the serum or urine and in a particular patient rising and falling levels of the marker are usually associated with increasing or decreasing tumor burden respectively. Some clinically useful tumor markers are shown in Table 77-5. Tumor markers are not in themselves specific enough to permit a diagnosis of malignancy to be made but once a malignancy has been diagnosed and shown to be associated with elevated levels of a tumor marker the marker can be used to assess response to treatment. Table 77-5 Tumor Markers Tumor Markers Cancer Non- Neoplastic Conditions Hormones Human chorionic gonadotropin Gestational trophoblastic disease gonadal germ cell tumor Pregnancy Calcitonin Medullary cancer of the thyroid Catecholamines Pheochromocytoma Oncofetal Antigens Alphafetoprotein Hepatocellular carcinoma gonadal germ Cirrhosis cell tumor hepatitis Carcinoembryonic antigen Adenocarcinomas of the colon pancreas lung breast ovary Pancreatitis hepatitis inflammatory bowel disease smoking Enzymes Prostatic acid phosphatase Prostate cancer Prostatitis prostatic hypertrophy Neuron-specific enolase Small cell cancer of the lung neuroblastoma Lactate dehydrogenase Lymphoma Ewing s sarcoma Hepatitis hemolytic anemia many others Tumor-Associated .