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SAT II History Episode 1 Part 9

Tham khảo tài liệu 'sat ii history episode 1 part 9', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | REVIEWING HOW THE NATION BECAME AN URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL POWER By the end of Reconstruction in 1877 Redeemers had taken over the state governments in all the former Confederate states. Redeemer was the name that Southern whites gave to those politicians who restored white supremacy in the South. Most Redeemers were businessmen not old-time Southern plantation owners and making money was their goal. They reduced taxes such as corporate income taxes on the private sector and cut spending on the public sector such as funding universal public education. African Americans in the New South While Southern whites rejoiced at the end of the federal occupation of the South Southern African Americans faced a bleak future economically politically and societally. Although the end of slavery meant that African Americans were no longer bound to a plantation it also meant that they were on their own to find employment food shelter and clothing. Generally they had no education and little understanding of contracts and commercial transactions so white farmers and shopkeepers were able to take advantage of them. Immediately after the war the Freedmen s Bureau helped blacks for a time but it was closed down in 1872. By the 1880s the sharecropping system had replaced slavery as the dominant socioeconomic institution in the South. After the war because Southern planters had little cash they could not pay workers. Yet field hands both blacks and poor whites needed to work. The Freedmen s Bureau worked out a system in which the landowner would give the sharecropper and his family land tools a mule seed and a shack in which to live. The sharecropper would work the land and give one third to one half of the harvest to the landowner. This was known as the crop lien system. In theory the sharecropper would be able to save enough over time to buy land. The system turned out to be very different in practice. The sharecropper s plot was usually too small to grow much surplus. Repeated use of the