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Tải trên các tòa nhà và cơ cấu

Tìm hiểu về kết cấu cơ khí và thiết kế kết cấu đòi hỏi kiến thức của nhiều yếu tố gắn kết với nhau. Chúng bao gồm các hành động tải và tải về cấu trúc, sức mạnh và tính chất của vật liệu mà từ đó các yếu tố cấu trúc được thực hiện, cách tải và hành động tải được chuyển giao thông qua cấu trúc để các cơ sở, sự tương tác giữa các cơ sở và hỗ trợ mặt đất, cấu trúc ổn định, điều kiện môi trường và độ bền. Do đó, điều quan trọng. | Chapter two Loads on buildings and structures Introduction Understanding structural mechanics and structural design requires knowledge of many inter-linked factors. These include the loads and load actions on the structure the strength and properties of the materials from which structural elements are made the ways by which the loads and load actions are transferred via the structure to the foundations the interaction between the foundations and the supporting ground structural stability durability and environmental conditions. It is therefore important to estimate accurately the loads that a structure has to withstand during its intended useful life in order to achieve safety and economy in design. The behaviour of structures under loads depends on the strength properties of the materials of construction and the interaction between the components and parts of the structural frame and between the structural frame its foundations and the supporting ground. Designers in their structural analyses try to predict this behaviour of the structure and identify the model to be used in the structural analyses. If they succeed then designs will usually be safe and economic. At present existing knowledge of the loads on structures properties of the materials of construction and analysis of structural frames is well advanced so that structural design can usually be considered to be economic with regard to these aspects. However future research on understanding the actions of loads on structures will help to reduce a number of the existing uncertainties and hence result in safer and more economic designs. Load types In design the loads on buildings and structures are classified into different types based on their frequency of occurrence and method of assessment. These are 1 dead loads 2 imposed loads 3 wind loads 4 earth and liquid pressures 5 other load effects such as thermal effects ground movement shrinkage and creep in concrete and vibration. For each type of load there .