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In Defense of Animals Part 2

Sau đó chúng tôi có thể nói sự cam giác đó là một điều kiện đủ để có quyền lợi và có những lợi ích được coi là bình đẳng. Có phải bất kỳ động vật phi nhân văn có sinh không? Đó là, bất kỳ nonhumans sinh học có khả năng cảm thấy niềm vui và đau? | Utilitarianism and Animals a minimum in a pleasurable life relatively free of pain. Pleasure and pain matter to all of us who feel them. As such it follows that we are obliged to consider at a minimum the interests of all those who are capable of feeling pleasure and pain - that is all those who are sentient. We can then say that sentience is a sufficient condition for having interests and having those interests considered equally. Are any nonhuman animals sentient That is are any nonhumans biologically capable of feeling pleasure and pain There are few people today including biologists who seriously doubt the answer is yes. For most of us our common sense and experience with animals especially dogs and cats are sufficient to let us answer affirmatively. However our common sense and experience cannot always be trusted and so we should look for further evidence that animals other than ourselves are sentient. How do we know that other human beings are sentient We cannot know for certain. My friend who shrieks after burning himself on the stove could be a very sophisticated robot programmed to respond to certain kinds of stimuli with a shriek. But because my friend is biologically similar to me his awareness of pain would offer a biological advantage his behavior is similar to my own when I am in pain and his behavior is associated with a stimulus that would be painful for me I have good reason to believe my friend feels pain. We have similar reasons for believing that many nonhuman animals feel pain. Human beings evolved from other species. Those parts of the brain involved in sensing pleasure and pain are older than human beings and common to mammals and birds and probably also to fish reptiles and amphibians. For most of these animals awareness of pain would serve important functions including learning from past mistakes. Like my potentially robotic friend these animals also respond to noxious stimuli much the same way we do. They avoid these stimuli and shriek cry