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In Defense of Animals Part 3

Về câu hỏi của personhood vượt ra ngoài một cái gì đó Homo sapiens, cho phép chúng tôi xác định mô hình và người, ngoài những trường hợp này dễ dàng, cá nhân khác, những người đủ tương tự để đảm bảo bao gồm dưới khái niệm. | On the Question of Personhood beyond Homo sapiens something permitting us to identify paradigm persons and beyond these easy cases other individuals who are sufficiently similar to warrant inclusion under the concept. Do we know of any persons extinct or currently living beyond Homo sapiens Other Hominid Persons Normal children of our species Homo sapiens are among the paradigm persons. Surely then at least some members of other hominid species were also persons for there is no reason to think they were all vastly less endowed with personhood-relevant properties than human children are. Let me explain. Although ours is the only surviving hominid species hominid evolution featured various others including Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus robustus and others. Interestingly two of the great ape species chimpanzees and bonobos and the various hominid species including ours had a common ancestor who lived only 5 to 7 million years ago Dawkins 1993 82 see also Hecht 2003 . Now consider whichever hominid species we evolved from. Typical members of that species were genetically a bit different from us. Yet it is hardly plausible that no members of that species were sufficiently like our normal human children - who are clearly persons - to qualify as persons. Indeed there is no natural marker that could separate the two species in the course of evolution it is not as if some decisive mutation created a massive gulf dividing us from our immediate predecessors. Any dividing line in hominid evolution would be something to draw in an arbitrarily chosen place at least as much as a biological reality to find. So because normal human children are clearly persons at least some hominids who were not Homo sapiens were persons as well. Therefore in actual fact and not just science fiction and speculative religion there have been persons beyond Homo sapiens. One might object that since our concept of personhood is relatively modern