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Natural Language Processing with Python Phần 10

Hàng chục công cụ khác để quản lý dữ liệu ngôn ngữ có sẵn, một số được khảo sát (Bird & Simons, 2003). Xem thêm các thủ tục tố tụng của các hội thảo LaTeCH về công nghệ ngôn ngữ cho dữ liệu di sản văn hóa. | linguistic annotations. An extended discussion of web crawling is provided by Croft Metzler Strohman 2009 . Full details of the Toolbox data format are provided with the distribution Buseman Buseman Early 1996 and with the latest distribution freely available from http www.sil.org computing toolbox . For guidelines on the process of constructing a Toolbox lexicon see http www.sil.org computing ddp . More examples of our efforts with the Toolbox are documented in Bird 1999 and Robinson Aumann Bird 2007 . Dozens of other tools for linguistic data management are available some surveyed by Bird Simons 2003 . See also the proceedings of the LaTeCH workshops on language technology for cultural heritage data. There are many excellent resources for XML e.g. http zvon.org and for writing Python programs to work with XML http www.python.org doc lib markup.html. Many editors have XML modes. XML formats for lexical information include OLIF http www.olif.net and LIFT http code.google.com p lift-standard . For a survey of linguistic annotation software see the Linguistic Annotation Page at http www.ldc.upenn.edu annotation . The initial proposal for standoff annotation was Thompson McKelvie 1997 . An abstract data model for linguistic annotations called annotation graphs was proposed in Bird Liberman 2001 . A generalpurpose ontology for linguistic description GOLD is documented at http www.lin guistics-ontology.org . For guidance on planning and constructing a corpus see Meyer 2002 and Farghaly 2003 . More details of methods for scoring inter-annotator agreement are available in Artstein Poesio 2008 and Pevzner Hearst 2002 . Rotokas data was provided by Stuart Robinson and Iu Mien data was provided by Greg Aumann. For more information about the Open Language Archives Community visit http www .language-archives.org or see Simons Bird 2003 . 11.9 Exercises 1. In Example 11-2 the new field appeared at the bottom of the entry. Modify this program so that it inserts the new .