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CRC Press - Dictionary of Material Science and High Energy Physics - D. Basu (2001) Episode 9

Tham khảo tài liệu 'crc press - dictionary of material science and high energy physics - d. basu (2001) episode 9', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | It is also of great technical importance since the flatness of surfaces relative to some reference surface can be tested by observing the structure of the interference fringes. They give a very sensitive contour diagram with a resolution of approximately Ấ 2. The Michelson interferometer. microcanonical distribution For an isolated system in equilibrium all of the states within a small energy band are equally probable and all of the other states have zero probability. An equilibrium distribution of this type is known as a microcanonical distribution. micro-local analysis Let A be an operator in Hilbert space which represents a physical variable. In coordinate representation its matrix element is x A x where x and x represent the coordinates of a particle or a particle assembly. In the latter case x stands for a Fourier transformation for a set of coordinates xi X2 . xn . In the micro-local analysis we take the A x p x A x s x x x 2 exp ip x x h dx dx which resembles aclassical variable. The microlocal analysis is appropriate for semi-classical analysis. micromaser A maser based on a microwave cavity with an extremely highQ-factor i.e. photon lifetime and an extremely small flux of atoms. The parameters are chosen such that typically only one atom at a time interacts with the radiation field. Atoms are excited to a Rydberg state before entering the cavity. Transition frequencies between two of these Rydberg states are in the microwave region and due to the long lifetime of Rydberg states the interaction of a single atom with a single mode of the radiation field can be studied. In order to determine the interaction time of atoms and photons precisely only atoms with a certain velocity are excited into the Rydberg states. This is facilitated using a Fizeau velocity selection or by making use of the Doppler effect in the excitation process. In order to increase the coupling between cavity modes and atoms the storage time of the microwave photons within the cavity must