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principles of network and system administration phần 9

khối lượng thuế đơn giản so với mức thuế tỷ lệ căn hộ, và cải tiến hơn nữa không thể được giá trị sự phức tạp gia tăng. Nhiều nhà khai thác mạng thậm chí xem xét đo lường thời gian và khối lượng một gánh nặng mà họ muốn tránh. | 284 INTERCONNECTION network may actually have large amounts of unused capacity and so there is no need for congestion pricing. This may significantly reduce the economic efficiency of the overall system. To prevent LECs behaving as monopolists it is common for access charges to be regulated. Typical regulatory frameworks are rather complex and treat different classes of interconnecting parties and types of services in different ways even when there may be little difference in the costs that they generate. For instance the regulatory regime can depend on whether the interconnecting party is another local carrier an interexchange carrier or a subscriber. This complexity in the regulatory framework creates regulatory arbitrage opportunities that motivate entrepreneurs to invent new ways to provide services. The availability of new services can be highly beneficial unless these are motivated solely by artificial differences in regulatory rules. For instance Internet telephony is not subject to LEC access charges either originating or terminating for that part of the call that is placed over the IP protocol. In this respect besides being more cost-efficient IP telephony is more competitive than traditional long-distance telephony where the long-distance carrier must pay access charges . Pressure from Internet-based technologies should cause interconnection regimes based on CPNP to collapse. Looked at another way so long as interconnection regimes based on CPNP continue to exist they act as a spur to the introduction of new disruptive technologies such as IP telephony. Bill-and-keep may be unfair to a large network that interconnects with smaller networks. A smaller network with smaller operating costs may be able to offer lower prices to its customers. Yet because of interconnection with the large network its customers can reach the same population of customers as those of the large network. A way to remedy this could be to split the cost of the interconnection .