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Handbook of psychology phần 3

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Liên lạc giữa trận chiến cuối cùng trên các khái niệm về nhận thức sẽ được chiến đấu trong những vấn đề tương ứng. Vấn đề này đã làm gì với hành vi nhận thức, và câu hỏi đơn giản là, "Làm thế nào cũng không kích thích nhận thức trong ý thức tương ứng hoặc đại diện cho các kích thích bên ngoài vật lý | tested as computer models. In this way the reaction-time data confirms Herbart s contention that theories of psychology should be dynamic and can be mathematical. The ultimate battle over the conceptualization of perception would be fought over the correspondence problem. The issue has to do with the perceptual act and the simple question is How well does the perceived stimulus in consciousness correspond or represent the external physical stimulus By the mid-1800s the recognition that sensory systems were not passively registering an accurate picture of the physical world was becoming an accepted fact. The most common situations in which this became obvious were those that taxed the sensitivity of an observer. In these instances stimuli might not be detected and intensity differences that might allow one to discriminate between stimuli might go unnoticed. These early studies were clearly testing the limitations of the receptivity of sensory organs and hence were consistent with both the physical and physiological view of the senses as mere stimulus detectors. However as the data on just how sensitive sensory systems were began to be amassed problems immediately arose. Ernst Heinrich Weber 1795-1878 at the University of Leipzig did research on touch sensitivity. He noticed that the ability to discriminate between one versus two simultaneous touches and the ability to discriminate among different weights was not a simple matter of stimulus differences. As an example take three coins quarters work well and put two in one envelope and one in the other. Now compare the weight of these two envelopes and you should have no difficulty discriminating which has two coins meaning that the stimulus difference of the weight of one quarter is discrim-inable. Next take these two envelopes and put one in each of your shoes. When you now compare the weight of the shoes you should find it difficult and most likely impossible to tell which of them is one coin weight heavier despite