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Handbook of psychology phần 4

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?" Vào giữa những năm 1800, công nhận rằng các hệ thống cảm giác không thụ động đăng ký một chính xác hình ảnh của thế giới vật lý đã trở thành một thực tế được chấp nhận. Những tình huống phổ biến nhất trong đó điều này trở nên rõ ràng là những người bị đánh thuế sự nhạy cảm của một người quan sát. | 1977 pp. 31-32 . There is no doubt that fulfillment of the James-Lange dream would have been a very pleasant conclusion to the search for specific emotions. But although the hope remained it was not to be. Dreams die hard. To those who still insist on a patterning approach we are only left with Bertrand Russell s probably apocryphal response to the question of how he would react to being confronted with God after his death Lord you did not give us enough evidence What about an unspecific relation between viscera and emotion that is a general autonomic response Schachter s studies provided one piece of evidence. The same physiological antecedent potentiated different emotions. It is also the case that widely different emotions show relatively little difference in physiological patterns. Here we need not go into the question of whether or not these patterns are antecedent to the emotional expression. If with very different emotions the patterns are similar the argument can be made that it is highly unlikely the different emotions depend on different patterning. In 1969 Averill showed that both sadness and mirth are associated with measurable visceral responses and that both of them seem to involve primarily sympathetic nervous system patterns. Averill found that two divergent emotional states produce highly similar sympathetic states of arousal Averill 1969 . Patkai 1971 found that adrenaline excretion increased in both pleasant and unpleasant situations when compared with a neutral situation. She concludes that her results support the hypothesis that adrenalin release is related to the level of general activation rather than being associated with a specific emotional reaction Patkai 1971 . Frankenhaeuser s laboratory e.g. Frankenhaeuser 1975 has produced additional evidence that adrenaline is secreted in a variety of emotional states. William James believed that patients who have no visceral perception no feedback from visceral responses would provide a crucial test