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Handbook of psychology phần 7

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Costa và McCrae phát triển một bảng câu hỏi rằng sản lượng các điểm dọc theo các kích thước đặc điểm, mà họ gọi là "quy mô miền" nhạy cảm thần kinh, hướng ngoại, cởi mở, agreeableness, và conscientiousness. Nỗ lực đưa đến kết quả công bố | 346 Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology Shakow 1965 . This committee recommended that courses for clinicians should include psychotherapy and psychodynamics with coursework in related areas for example anthropology medicine and sociology germane to the particular student. These recommendations appeared to extend the duration of graduate education beyond the bounds of what was seemly so in 1949 the APAheld a conference in Boulder Colorado to discuss training policies in clinical psychology. The Boulder Conference had 73 attendees most of whom were intimately involved in the graduate education of clinicians. It was the first national meeting to consider standards for their doctoral training. Basically the conference decided to endorse a solid grounding in science and practice and this scientist-practitioner role for the clinical psychologist came to be called the Boulder model. It reflected David Shakow s own background which included a lengthy research-clinical apprenticeship at Worcester State Hospital in Massachusetts a personal psychoanalysis undertaken in part to prepare for research in that area and a career dedicated largely to studies of motor performance and attentional deficits in schizophrenia both before and after he became chief psychologist at NIMH. Despite its endorsement of the scientist-practitioner model the Boulder Conference also urged graduate schools to be flexible and innovative in their training Benjamin Baker 2000 Raimy 1950 . Of most significance was that psychotherapy or treatment became an essential component in the training of the clinical psychologist. Since it is rare to find unanimity about anything not all clinicians welcomed this change in their profession. Hans Eysenck 1949 for one spoke against it. He gave three reasons why it would be better for clinicians not to become therapists Treatment is a medical problem training in therapy reduces the time available for training in research and diagnosis and becoming a psychotherapist