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Handbook of psychology 9000 phần 5

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Mô tả một số trong những yếu tố cá nhân đã được tìm thấy là liên quan đến kết quả điều trị và có thể hữu ích trong việc xác định của nhiều tùy chọn để điều trị có thể được đặc biệt hữu ích cho một bệnh nhân. | 258 Headaches describe some of the individual factors that have been found to be related to treatment outcome and that can be useful in determining which of the numerous options for treatment might be particularly useful for an individual patient. These factors include headache type frequency and chronicity age and gender comorbid psychological disorder or distress environmental factors and treatment history. Other factors such as patient preference and cost effectiveness have not received as much empirical attention but these are nonetheless important when considering treatment options. While much of the empirical literature has examined intensiveZ individual therapy formats typically 8 to 12 sessions other methods of treatment delivery merit consideration including reduced therapist contact and group treatments. Headache Type Frequency and Chronicity Both tension-type and migraine headache respond well to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. With regard to nonpharmacological interventions both headache types bene t from relaxation training and cognitive behavioral interventions. Although thermal biofeedback is more widely applied to migraine headache and EMG biofeedback is more widely applied to tension-type headache there is evidence to suggest that EMG biofeedback is also useful for migraine headache. Patients with mixed migraine and tensiontype headaches also respond to the treatments discussed above although typically not as well as those with pureZ migraine or tension-type headaches. Cluster headache does not appear to respond as well to behavioral treatments. Data are less clear for headaches that are associated with menses. Headaches resulting from trauma require intensive multicomponent treatment. Patients with chronic daily or near daily high intensity headache do not respond well to behavioral interventions alone Blanchard Appelbaum Radnitz Jaccard Dentinger 1989 . However chronic daily headache has been found to be unrelated or positively