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the american economy a historical encyclopedia phần 4

Khu vực tranh chấp nằm phía nam của sông Gila và phía bắc của biên giới hiện tại. Hy vọng giải quyết vấn đề và đồng thời bảo đảm con đường tốt nhất cho một tuyến đường sắt xuyên lục địa phía Nam, Tổng thống Franklin Pierce đã bổ nhiệm James Gadsden, | 198 National Industrial Recovery Act of measurement pioneered in the 1930s by the future Nobel laureate economist Simon Kuznets measure the aggregate income levels in a country and the components of national income such as wages and salaries profits and rent the output of final goods and services produced for sale both in aggregate and in each industry and aggregate expenditure on the purchase of those goods and services and the components of aggregate expenditure consumption investment government purchases and exports less imports . These data are indispensable for macroeconomic policymaking. A demand for data to guide policies to avoid a recurrence of the Great Depression of the 1930s and to manage resource mobilization during World War II fueled the development of NIPA. Because they are shaped by these demands for data for specific purposes the national income and product accounts have widely recognized limitations in measuring economic well-being or as guides to other types of policy. The exclusion of housework and child care except when these services are purchased in the market has distorted perceptions of women s contribution to the economy with consequences for social policy. Unless the accounts are adjusted for the environmental and natural resource costs of production the costs to clean up the environment or to remove resources from the ground and process them they will continue to provide misleading data used to establish policies affecting the environment. Investment as measured in NIPA excludes acquisition of physical capital by the public sector such as highways and the acquisition of intangible capital by any sector such as research and development expenditures and investment in human capital through education training and health spending . Much effort has been made to adjust NIPA for nonmarket activities environmental changes human capital formation and government investment see Eisner 1989 for a survey and to incorporate such changes in new .