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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - MICROBIOLOGY

Vi sinh vật GIỚI THIỆU Vi sinh vật học là nghiên cứu của các sinh vật nhỏ, đủ để yêu cầu sự trợ giúp của kính hiển vi để được nhìn thấy. Trong một vài trường hợp, các sinh vật được bao gồm trong nhóm này có thể được nhìn thấy bằng mắt thường vì những sinh vật này rõ ràng liên quan đến những cái nhỏ hơn. Vi sinh vật bao gồm virus, vi khuẩn bao gồm cả rickettsia, mycoplasma, nấm (nấm men và nấm mốc), hầu hết các loại tảo, động vật nguyên sinh và nếu một trong những. | MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION Microbiology is the study of organisms which are small enough to require the aid of a microscope to be seen. In a few cases organisms are included in this group which can be seen by the unaided eye because these organisms are clearly related to the smaller ones. Microorganisms include viruses bacteria including rickettsia mycoplasma fungi yeast and molds most algae protozoa and if one interprets micro broadly certain tiny multicellular plants and animals. The study of cells and tissues from higher plants and animals tissue culture uses techniques common to the microbiologist and is frequently considered part of modern microbiology. Cells in general vary greatly in size but have many similarities in internal organization. Among the most primitive type of cells it is impossible to clearly distinguish whether they are distinctly plants or animals since they may have some of the properties of each type. Viruses on the other hand are not cells at all. Instead of arguing endlessly about whether a microorganisms is more plant-like or more animal-like and worrying how to assign viruses many scientists have divided organisms in general into those which have 1 only animal characteristics 2 only plant characteristics and 3 the Protista Table 1 which have some characteristics of both plants and animals. Some protists viruses may have characteristics not shared by either plants or animals that is crystallizability and ability to reproduce only by infecting some cell and using the cell s manufacturing machinery. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMS Protists vary greatly in size shape and internal architecture. Protists are subdivided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have their genetic material chromosomes separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane whereas eukaryotes have a true nucleus eu true karyo nucleus separated from the rest of the cell by a nuclear membrane. Viruses virions are usually included among the .