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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - TOXICOLOGY

Độc học về độc tính, hay chất độc (độc tố) được sử dụng hàng ngày trong các tài liệu khoa học và chung. Nhận xét của bất kỳ tờ báo gần như hàng ngày sẽ tiết lộ một hoặc nhiều bài viết về những ảnh hưởng độc hại của chất, hầu hết trong số đó khi thải vào môi trường được gọi là chất gây ô nhiễm. Ngày nay, có tạp chí khoa học dành cho đối tượng độc tính, minh họa tầm quan trọng của chủ đề này. Tuy nhiên, nhiều người không hiểu được những độc tố hạn. | TOXICOLOGY The terms toxicology toxicity or toxic substance toxicant are used daily in the scientific and general literature. Review of almost any daily newspaper will reveal one or more articles on the toxic effects of a substance most of which when released into the environment are called pollutants. Today there are scientific journals devoted to the subject of toxicity illustrating the importance of this topic. However many do not understand the term toxicology or have an understanding of its concepts. So what is a good definition of toxicity It can be best defined as the science of poisons. Of course this brings us to the question of what a poison is any substance that can result in a detrimental effect when the concentration is increased. An increased response as compared to increasing concentration has been called a dose-response curve which will be discussed later. When using the definition of toxicity provided above most will consider poisoning of animals and humans however this definition can be extended to all life forms including microbes Thomulka et al. 1996 and plants Haarmann and Lange 2000 . In the broadest term toxic insult can be evaluated from an ecological viewpoint and can encompass effects to an ecosystem. This is what is commonly considered when looking at poisoning in an industrial environment. However in today s changing environment the viewpoint from an industrial perspective is changing to include the entire environment. The scope of toxicology is ever-increasing and from the point of view of an engineer especially an environmental engineer should not be limited. Depending on the focus toxicity can also be viewed from global impact e.g. mercury release from burning fossil fuels to that which affects single-celled organisms in a local pond. Public awareness has raised the term toxicity to an everyday usage although most do not understand how to properly apply this term. Most consider that when something is listed as toxic it means an effect