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Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxoicology - Chapter 9

Liên kết tích lũy sinh học và hiệu ứng sinh học Hóa chất trong nước và trầm tích: Một khung khái niệm sinh thái chất độc hai mảnh vỏ nước ngọt "Nếu không có quan sát trong nước hoặc bùn có nồng độ mô liên kết cấp (các chất ô nhiễm) và sau đó với các hiệu ứng trên sinh vật và quần thể, và cuối cùng, với hệ sinh thái như một toàn thể, một đánh giá đầy đủ của ô nhiễm là không thể" (GESAMP 1980). Trong khi kết luận này đã đạt được khoảng 25 năm trước đây. | 9 Linking Bioaccumulation and Biological Effects to Chemicals in Water and Sediment A Conceptual Framework for Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology Michael H. Salazar and Sandra M. Salazar INTRODUCTION Without observations linking levels of pollutants in the water or sediment with tissue concentrations and then with effects on organisms and populations and ultimately with the well-being of the ecosystem as a whole an adequate assessment of pollution is impossible GESAMP 1980 . While this conclusion was reached about 25 years ago in the context of marine studies it can be expanded to include freshwater bivalve ecotoxicology. It is doubtful that many unionid researchers appreciated the significance of this concept that appeared in the marine literature. Even though bioaccumulation provides a mechanistic link between environment and organism and effects beginning with accumulation of chemicals at internal receptors it is surprising how rarely tissue chemistry and effects are included as part of a unified strategy for monitoring and assessment. Nevertheless characterizing exposure and effects is considered the cornerstone of ecological risk assessment ERA USEPA 1998 a more universal and modern day paradigm that has the basic elements of the GESAMP strategy. Even when bioaccumulation or biological effects have been used it is often with one group of organisms used to effectively characterize exposure and another group to measure effects. A unifying conceptual framework that brings these two approaches together is long overdue. There is a real need to measure bioaccumulation and biological effects in the same organism at the same time and to view freshwater bivalve ecotoxicology from this risk assessment-based vantage point. Historical Perspective Because freshwater bivalve ecotoxicology is relatively new as a science compared to marine bivalve ecotoxicology it is helpful to make some comparisons regarding the development of each. It seems likely that bivalve ecotoxicology .