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Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals - Chapter 4

Ong mật là động vật chân đốt có lợi đóng vai trò quan trọng trong thụ phấn cho thực vật hoang dã và cây trồng. Thật không may, Trong thời gian hoạt động kiếm ăn của họ HỌ có thể được xúc với thuốc trừ sâu. Các thành viên của thuộc địa này cũng có thể được độc bởi thực phẩm bị ô nhiễm gián tiếp Mang lại cho tổ ong do ong kiếm ăn. Các AIM của chương này là để thảo luận một số khía cạnh của độc tính cấp tính của thuốc trừ sâu để Apis mellifera. . | 4 Acute toxicity of pesticides to honey bees J. Devillers Summary Honey bees are beneficial arthropods playing a key role in pollinating wild and crop plants. Unfortunately during their foraging activity they can be exposed to pesticides. The members of the colony can also be poisoned indirectly by contaminated food brought back to the hive by the foragers. The aim of this chapter is to discuss some aspects of the acute toxicity of pesticides to Apis mellifera. Introduction In many parts of the world but especially in North America and western Europe drastic changes in farming practice occurred in the 1950s shortly after the Second World War when tractors replaced horses chemical fertilizers replaced organic manure and aerial application of pesticides became commonplace. Many farmers were encouraged to stop crop rotation and to devote large acreages of their farms to the cultivation of a single crop which undoubtedly required the use of increasing quantities of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides 1 2 . Broadly speaking pesticides include many different chemical structures and are used to control pest plants and animals. They are generally classified according to their target as follows insects insecticides nematodes nematicides mollusks molluscicides weeds herbicides bacteria bactericides fungi fungicides and so on. Unfortunately the successes of intensive agriculture have been bought at a price. The massive use of pesticides has induced resistances in target organisms contamination of the ecosystems and adverse effects on nontarget species. Among this category of organisms the honey bees occupy a place of choice due to their economic and ecological importance. Pesticides act in two ways to reduce bee populations. First many pesticides necessary in crop production are highly toxic to honey bees. In this category we principally find insecticides. Second the use of herbicides reduces the acreages of attractive plants for the bees to forage on. Pesti- 2002 Taylor .