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Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals - Chapter 7

Chỉ có FEW Được công bố báo cáo về việc giảm và phục hồi bản địa không ong Apis dân, tạm thời hoặc vĩnh viễn đo Sau khi kiểm soát dịch hại hoá chất nông nghiệp ở Bắc Mỹ. Đã tìm thấy loài nhỏ To Be The nhạy cảm nhất. Việc đánh giá độc tính thuốc trừ sâu và nguy hiểm để không Apis ong đã-được thực hành cho khoảng 50 phòng thí nghiệm khác nhau những năm qua, bán trường, lĩnh vực và phương pháp. Chủ yếu là nghiên cứu Were Thực hiện trên ba loài: . | 7 Impact of agrochemicals on non-Apis bees J.N. Tasei Summary Only few reports have been published on the reduction and recovery of native non-Apis bee populations measured after temporary or permanent agrochemical pest control in North America. Small species were found to be the most sensitive. The assessment of pesticide toxicity and hazards to non-Apis bees has been practiced for about 50 years through various laboratory semi-field and field methods. Researches were conducted mainly on three species Nomia melanderi alkali bee Megachile rotundata alfalfa leafcutting bee and Bombus terrestris bumble bee . Toxicity tests performed in standardized conditions on adults and larvae showed that the intrinsic susceptibility of non-Apis bees measured by oral and topical LD50 or by LC50 varied to a great extent between species and also from Apis mellifera. Laboratory and semi-field tests have been used to assess the risks of sprays field-weathered residues or systemic compounds in nectar and pollen. The effects of several organophosphates pyrethroids neonicotinoids and a carbamate are discussed. Sublethal effects of deltamethrin fenvalerate trichlorfon and imidacloprid have also been investigated. It has been shown that biochemical data from studies on detoxification in M. rotundata did not agree with toxicological parameters and risk assessment in the field. Introduction Many wild and cultivated plants are visited not only by honey bees Apis mellifera in particular but also by non-Apis bees which facilitate their fruit and seed setting. These Hymenoptera are represented by more than 20 000 species throughout the world belonging to nine families Colletidae Oxaeidae Halictidae Andrenidae Melittidae Fideliidae Megachilidae Anthophoridae and Apidae 1 . This fauna is a natural resource which often sustains a prominent role in the pollination of crops and the maintenance of floral diversity especially when honey bees are absent or not efficient. Many researchers have long .