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NEPA and Environmental Planning : Tools, Techniques, and Approaches for Practitioners - Chapter 12

Đánh giá tác động môi trường quốc tế Không lâu sau khi chính sách môi trường quốc gia tại lịch sử Đạo luật (NEPA) được ban hành thành luật tại Hoa Kỳ, cộng đồng quốc tế bắt đầu nhận ra rằng suy thoái môi trường là không chỉ là một vấn đề của Mỹ, mà còn toàn cầu. Nhiều quốc gia trên khắp thế giới bắt đầu đánh giá cao như thế nào các yếu tố đánh giá tác động môi trường (EIA) vốn có trong quá trình NEPA có thể tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho phát triển kinh tế. | 12 International Environmental Impact Assessment Not long after the now historic National Environmental Policy Act NEPA was enacted into law in the United States the international community began to realize that environmental degradation was not only an American problem but also a global one. Many nations around the world began to appreciate how the environmental impact assessment EIA element inherent in the U.S. NEPA process could facilitate sound economic development while providing the methodology to establish plans and policies that would enhance public participation and help their own decision-makers avoid making costly and damaging environmental mistakes. 12.1 NEPA AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY Throughout the 1970s and continuing into the following decades many countries moved quickly to adopt their own versions of national environmental policies and assessment procedures.1 So many in fact that today some have postulated that NEPA may have become the most emulated statute in the world. As described in the Introduction the president s Council on Environmental Quality CEQ has written that in one form or another NEPA has been used as a pattern or copied by more than 80 countries worldwide.2 However the number of nations that have adopted some version of NEPA s policy or EIA process may actually be much higher than this estimate. For example Canter reports that over 100 countries have instituted some form of EIA measures.3 A book by John Cronin and Robert F. Kennedy Jr. cites an even larger number over 125 nations.4 Table 12.1 provides a chronological outline of some representative nations that have followed the American footprint.5 12.1.1 Status of EIA Legislation in Developing Countries It is remarkable how many foreign EIA processes have come to mirror NEPA s original model which still remains virtually unchanged after more than 35 years. Some countries that did not initially incorporate American EIA principles such as considering alternatives encouraging .