Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Lecture Human anatomy and physiology - Chapter 8: Joints (part b)

Chapter 8 - Joints (part b) provides knowledge of synovial joints, homeostatic imbalances of joints and developmental aspects of joints. After completing this unit, you should be able to: Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints, compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths, list three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints, name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each,.and other contents. | 8 Joints: Part B Classification of Synovial Joints Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces: Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket Plane Joints Nonaxial joints Flat articular surfaces Short gliding movements Figure 8.7a a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial a Plane joint (intercarpal joint) Hinge Joints Uniaxial joints Motion along a single plane Flexion and extension only Figure 8.7b b Hinge joint (elbow joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Pivot Joints Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone Uniaxial movement only Figure 8.7c c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints Biaxial joints Both articular surfaces are oval Permit all angular movements Figure 8.7d d Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Saddle Joints Biaxial Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas Figure 8.7e e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Ball-and-Socket Joints Multiaxial joints The most freely moving synovial joints Figure 8.7f f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Knee Joint Largest, most complex joint of body Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity: Femoropatellar joint: Plane joint Allows gliding motion during knee flexion Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee is partly flexed PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the knee joint Figure 8.8a (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament | 8 Joints: Part B Classification of Synovial Joints Six types, based on shape of articular surfaces: Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball and socket Plane Joints Nonaxial joints Flat articular surfaces Short gliding movements Figure 8.7a a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial a Plane joint (intercarpal joint) Hinge Joints Uniaxial joints Motion along a single plane Flexion and extension only Figure 8.7b b Hinge joint (elbow joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Pivot Joints Rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone Uniaxial movement only Figure 8.7c c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints Biaxial joints Both articular surfaces are oval Permit all angular movements Figure 8.7d d Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Saddle Joints Biaxial Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints