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Ebook Nanomedicine for inflammatory diseases: Part 2

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Part 2 book “Nanomedicine for inflammatory diseases” has contents: The biology and clinical treatment of multiple sclerosis, bridging the gap between the bench and the clinic, bridging the gap between the bench and the clinic, the biology and clinical treatment of asthma, nanotherapeutics for asthma, and other contents. | Chapter SIX.ONE The Biology and Clinical Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Mahsa Khayat-Khoei, Leorah Freeman, and John Lincoln CONTENTS 6.1.1 Overview, Risk Factors, and Diagnosis of MS / 172 6.1.1.1 Epidemiology / 172 6.1.1.1.1 Genetics / 172 6.1.1.1.2 Epigenetics and the Environment / 172 6.1.1.2 Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis / 173 6.1.1.2.1 Clinical Features / 173 6.1.1.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging / 173 6.1.1.3 Evolution and Prognosis / 175 6.1.1.3.1 Clinical Phenotypes / 175 6.1.1.3.2 Prognosis and Prediction / 175 6.1.2 Pathophysiology of MS / 176 6.1.2.1 Adaptive Immune Response / 176 6.1.2.2 Innate Immune Response / 177 6.1.2.2.1 Astrocytes / 177 6.1.2.2.2 Microglia / 178 6.1.2.3 Focal Demyelination, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration / 178 6.1.2.3.1 Evaluating WM Damage In Vivo / 178 6.1.2.4 Diffuse White Matter Damage / 179 6.1.2.5 Gray Matter Demyelination / 179 6.1.2.6 Neurodegeneration / 180 6.1.2.6.1 Meningeal Follicles / 180 6.1.2.6.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction / 181 6.1.2.6.3 Cerebral Perfusion / 181 6.1.3 Treatment Strategies in MS / 181 6.1.3.1 Overview of Treatments: Mechanisms of Action / 181 6.1.3.2 MS Phenotypes: Impact on Treatment Choice / 183 6.1.4 Future Goals / 183 6.1.4.1 Remyelinating Therapies / 183 6.1.4.2 Neuroprotection Strategies / 184 6.1.5 Conclusions / 184 References / 184 171 6.1.1  OVERVIEW, RISK FACTORS, AND DIAGNOSIS OF MS Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects nearly 400,000 people in the United States alone and more than 2.5 million people worldwide (Noseworthy et al. 2000; Reingold 2002), is the most common nontraumatic neurologic disease of young people leading to clinical disability, and reduces life span by approximately 7 years (Leray et al. 2015; Marrie et al. 2015). While numbers are variable, the average annual direct and indirect cost for the individual MS patient to society is estimated at more than $40,000, when combining treatments that modify disease course and manage clinical symptoms and time lost due to .