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Pricing communication networks P14

An là một đấu giá bán trong đó giá của một khoản mục được xác định bởi giá thầu. Hoa, rượu vang, cổ phiếu, trái phiếu kho bạc Mỹ, đất được bán đấu giá. trận đánh tiếp quản cho các công ty có thể được xem như đấu giá (và thực sự, đế chế La Mã đã được bán đấu giá do Bộ đội Praetorian trong AD 193). Đấu giá thường được sử dụng để bán tài nguyên thiên nhiên, ví dụ như quyền khoan dầu, hoặc thậm chí là quyền sử dụng các vị trí vệ tinh địa tĩnh. | Pricing Communication Networks Economics Technology and Modelling. Costas Courcoubetis and Richard Weber Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85130-9 14 Auctions An auction is a sale in which the price of an item is determined by bidding. Flowers wine antiques US treasury bonds and land are sold in auctions. Takeover battles for companies can be viewed as auctions and indeed the Roman empire was auctioned by the Praetorian Guards in A.D. 193 . Auctions are commonly used to sell natural resources such as oil drilling rights or even the rights to use certain geostationary satellite positions. Government contracts are often awarded through procurement auctions. There is the advantage that the sale can be performed openly so that no one can claim that a government official awarded the contract to the supplier who offers him the greatest bribe. In Section 9.4.4 we saw how instantaneous bandwidth might be sold in a smart market in which the price is set by auction. In recent years auctions have been used in the communications market to sell parts of the spectrum for mobile telephone licenses. Some of these have raised huge sums for the government but others have raised less than expected. An auction can be viewed as a partial information game in which the valuations that each bidder places on the items for sale is hidden from the auctioneer and the other bidders. The game s equilibrium is a function of the auction s rules which specify the way bidding occurs the information bidders have about the state of bidding how the winner is determined and how much he must pay. These rules can affect the revenue obtained by the seller as well as how much this varies in successive instances of the auction. An auction is economically efficient in terms of maximizing social welfare if it allocates items to bidders who value them most. We emphasize that designing an auction for a particular situation is an art. There is no single auctioning mechanism that is provably .