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Mechanical Engineer´s Handbook P9

CHAPTER 9 COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL DESIGN Carl Zweben Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space—Valley Forge Operations King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 Classes and Characteristics of Composite Materials 9.1.2 Comparative Properties of Composite Materials 9.1.3 Manufacturing Considerations 9.2 REINFORCEMENTS AND MATRIX MATERIALS 9.2.1 Reinforcements 9.2.2 Matrix Materials 9.3 PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 9.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials 9.3.2 Physical Properties of Composite Materials 131 132 133 136 136 137 139 143 144 153 161 163 163 163 163 163 164 166 9.4 PROCESSES 9.4.1 Polymer Matrix Composites 9.4.2 Metal Matrix Composites 9.4.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites 9.4.4 Carbon/Carbon Composites 9.5 APPLICATIONS 9.5.1 Aerospace and. | CHAPTER 9_ COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL DESIGN Carl Zweben Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Valley Forge Operations King of Prussia Pennsylvania 9.1 INTRODUCTION 131 9.5.3 Electronic Packaging and 9.1.1 Classes and Characteristics Thermal Control 168 of Composite Materials 132 9.5.4 Internal Combustion 9.1.2 Comparative Properties of Engines 168 Composite Materials 133 9.5.5 Transportation 170 9.1.3 Manufacturing Considerations 136 9.5.6 Process Industries High- Temperature Applications 9.2 REINFORCEMENTS AND and Wear- Corrosion- MATRIX MATERIALS 136 and Oxidation-Resistant 9.2.1 Reinforcements 137 Equipment 176 9.2.2 Matrix Materials 139 9.5.7 Offshore and Onshore Oil Exploration and Production 9.3 PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE Equipment 178 MATERIALS 143 9.5.8 Dimensionally Stable 9.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Devices 178 Composite Materials 144 9.5.9 Biomedical Applications 179 9.3.2 Physical Properties of 9.5.10 Sports and Leisure Composite Materials 153 Equipment 180 9.5.11 Marine Structures 182 9.4 PROCESSES 161 9.5.12 Miscellaneous Applications 182 9.4.1 Polymer Matrix Composites 163 9.4.2 Metal Matrix Composites 163 9.6 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 184 9.4.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites 163 9.6.1 Polymer Matrix Composites 185 9.4.4 Carbon Carbon Composites 163 9.6.2 Metal Matrix Composites 187 9.6.3 Ceramic Matrix Composites 187 9.5 APPLICATIONS 163 9.6.4 Carbon Carbon Composites 187 9.5.1 Aerospace and Defense 164 9.5.2 Machine Components 166 9.1 INTRODUCTION The development of composite materials and related design and manufacturing technologies is one of the most important advances in the history of materials. Composites are multifunctional materials having unprecedented mechanical and physical properties that can be tailored to meet the requirements of a particular application. Many composites also exhibit great resistance to high-temperature corrosion and oxidation and wear. These unique characteristics provide the mechanical engineer with