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Mechanical Engineer´s Handbook P66

CHAPTER 4 7 LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS FROM PETROLEUM Richard J. Reed North American Manufacturing Company Cleveland, Ohio 47.1 47.2 INTRODUCTION 1 1 5 7 47.3 SHALE OILS 1528 FUEL OILS 1 1 5 7 47.4 47.2.1 Kerosene 1519 47.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuels 1525 47.5 47.2.3 Diesel Fuels 1 2 5 6 47.2.4 Summary 1 2 5 8 OILS FROM TAR &ANDS 1 2 5 8 OIL-WATER EMULSIONS 1 2 5 8 47.1 INTRODUCTION The major source of liquid fuels is crude petroleum; other sources are shale and tar sands. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels—gasoline and methanol—can be made from coal and natural gas. Ethanol, some of which is used as. | CHAPTER 47 LIQUID FOSSIL FUELS FROM PETROLEUM Richard J. Reed North American Manufacturing Company Cleveland Ohio 47.1 INTRODUCTION 1517 47.3 SHALE OILS Î528 47.2 FUEL OILS 1517 47.4 OILS FROM TAR SANDS 1528 47.2.1 Kerosene 1519 47.2.2 Aviation Turbine Fuels 1525 47.5 OIL-WATER EMULSIONS 1528 47.2.3 Diesel Fuels 1526 47.2.4 Summary 1528 47.1 INTRODUCTION The major source of liquid fuels is crude petroleum other sources are shale and tar sands. Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels gasoline and methanol can be made from coal and natural gas. Ethanol some of which is used as an automotive fuel is derived from vegetable matter. Crude petroleum and refined products are a mix of a wide variety of hydrocarbons aliphatics straight- or branched-chained paraffins and olefins aromatics closed rings six carbons per ring with alternate double bonds joining the ring carbons with or without aliphatic side chains and naphthenic or cycloparaffins closed single-bonded carbon rings five to six carbons . Very little crude petroleum is used in its natural state. Refining is required to yield marketable products that are separated by distillation into fractions including a specific boiling range. Further processing such as cracking reforming and alkylation alters molecular structuré of some of the hydrocarbons and enhances the yield and properties of the refined products. Crude petroleum is the major source of liquid fuels in the United States now ahd for the immediate future. Although the oil embargo of 1973-1974 intensified development of facilities for extraction of oil from shale and of hydrocarbon liquids from coal the economics do not favor èafly Commercialization of these processes. Their development has been slowed by an apparently adequate supply of crude oil. Tar sands are being processed in small amounts in Canada but no commercial facility exists in the United States. See Table 47.1. Except for commercial propane and butane fuels for heating and power generation are generally heavier