Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Gale Encyclopedia Of American Law 3Rd Edition Volume 3 P6

Gale Encyclopedia of American Law Volume 3 P6 fully illuminates today's leading cases, major statutes, legal terms and concepts, notable persons involved with the law, important documents and more. Legal issues are fully discussed in easy-to-understand language, including such high-profile topics as the Americans with Disabilities Act, capital punishment, domestic violence, gay and lesbian rights, physician-assisted suicide and thousands more. | 38 COMMON-LAW PLEADING COMMON-LAW PLEADING The system of rules and principles that governed the forms into which parties cast their claims or defenses in order to set an issue before the court. The system prevailed in the common-law courts and in many U.S. states until it was replaced by statute with a procedure called code pleading in the nineteenth century. Those states that do not have systems of code pleading today follow the pleading procedures established by the rules of civil procedure adopted for the federal district courts in 1938. During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries a person with a grievance sought a writ from the king s chief minister the chancellor. The writ ordered the defendant to submit to the plaintiff s demands or to appear and answer the charge made against him or her. over a period of time the format of the particular writs began to become standardized and were called forms of action. There were different writs for different types of actions. The purpose of the writ was to assert the court s authority to hear the dispute and to demand the presence of the defendant. in this regard it corresponded to the modern summons. The plaintiff then had to state the claim against the defendant. For the pleading to be valid the plaintiff had to use exactly those words permitted by the form of action selected. Some forms of action such as trespass became immensely popular because they allowed more variation in the facts pleaded than other forms. if a plaintiff selected a writ that did not fit the particular case the action was thrown out of court. If there were no writs for some kinds of actions and the chancellor refused to devise one then the aggrieved person could find no relief at all in the royal courts. A defendant faced a similar array of established responses. The defendant could for example deny the plaintiff s right to legal relief even if the facts alleged were true. Such a response was known as a demurrer. A defendant could choose to enter a