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The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European Part 2

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Hệ thống transfer system is hiệu bởi tất cả, và cho đến khi Trọng lượng của ý kiến Nghiên cứu bác bỏ for a system mới (nếu thực sự, mà should xay ra), it still là thường xuyên nhất be quoted(như ở phần còn lại của cuốn sách này, trong bất kỳ case nào, costume âm vị học chính xác của từ ngữ quan trong Minor elements). | 3. RECONSTRUCTING PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN 53 Table 3.11. The labials in Wu p ph bh voice voice voice aspiration aspiration aspiration Table 3.12. The traditional Proto-Indo-European system and its glottalic equivalents Traditional Glottalic Traditional Glottalic Traditional Glottalic p p h b p bh b h t t h d t dh d h k k h g k gh g h k k h g k gh gM kw k h o gw k gwh g h o Fortunately one can interchange the reconstructed forms between the traditional system and the variety of newly proposed systems in a relatively mechanical fashion Table 3.12 . The traditional system is understood by all and until the weight of scholarly opinion dismisses it for a single new system if indeed that should happen it remains the one most often cited as it is in the remainder of this book for which in any case the exact phonological shape of words is of secondary importance . The reconstructed phonemes and their outcomes in the main Indo-European groups are summarized in Appendix 1. Further Reading There are a number of good introductions to the comparative method in linguistics such as Anttila 1972 Bloomfield 1933 Hock 1991 Hoenigswald 1960 Lehmann 1992 and Campbell 1998 and at a more exhaustive level Joseph and Janda 2003 . The Glottalic theory is found most extensively in Gamkrelidze and Ivanov 1995 and more recent discussion of it in Salmons 1992 Barrach 2002 2003 . For reality in reconstruction see Hall 1960 . 4 The System 4.0 The System 54 4.5 Numerals 61 4.1 Phonology 54 4.6 Particles and Conjunctions 62 4.2 The Noun 56 4.7 Prepositions 62 4.3 Adjectives 59 4.8 Verbs 62 4.4 Pronouns 59 4.9 Derivation 65 4.0 The System Over two centuries of research into the structure of the Indo-European protolanguage have produced an enormous body of scholarship about the structure of Proto-Indo-European and the purpose of this chapter is merely to introduce an extremely basic outline of the phonology and grammar of Proto-Indo-European. 4.1 Phonology We have already discussed the reconstruction of