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The Welfare of Animals Part

Ngoài ra còn có ngày càng ít cơ hội để thực hiện con chó ra khỏi dây xích, với các khu vực nhỏ dành cho các hoạt động như vậy ở các thị trấn lớn và các thành phố và các hạn chế đang được đặt trên sử dụng đất và các bãi biển mở. | 156 9 The Scale and Intensity of the World s Animal Industries both parents will be working than in the past and second people are moving into high density housing with no garden or land for the animals to use which means that they are often confined indoors all day by themselves. In addition there is increasingly less opportunity to exercise dogs off leash with small areas being devoted to such activity in the major towns and cities and restrictions being placed on use of open land and beaches. The large numbers of animals euthanased in shelters each year continues to be a major cause for concern. Estimates in the United States vary from 3-4 million HSUS 2005 to 10 million AH 1997 cats and dogs euthanased annually. Laboratory Animals The number of laboratory animals worldwide is hard to estimate because countries record the different species used in different ways and some record none at all. A few record all animals used. Clearly the total number used annually is much less than the number of companion or farm animals. Recent estimates suggest that Australia 4 UK Canada and Italy respectively use annually approximately 5.8 2.6 1.7 and 0.9 million vertebrate animals annually for research with a total for 15 European Union member states of 11.6 million animals in 1996 Bayvel 2004 Gauthier 2004 Passantino et al. 2004 Anon 1996 . In Japan the data collected from universities institutes and laboratory testing companies suggested that just over 10 million animals were used in 1995 but the number recorded had supposedly dropped to 5.6 million by 1998 mainly because concerns about adverse publicity caused many institutes involved in vaccine development to withhold information on the numbers of animals that they were using. In addition the Japanese government prevented stray dogs and cats in pounds from being used in research. In the USA only the number of nonhuman primates cats dogs rabbits hamsters and guinea-pigs used for research is recorded which is perhaps only 4 of