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EQUALITY LAW IN AN ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION Part 5

Khoản 1, 2, 3 Điều 11 của Luật bình đẳng giới quy định nam, nữ bình đẳng trong tham gia quản lý nhà nước, tham gia hoạt động xã hội, nam, nữ bình đẳng trong tham gia xây dựng và thực hiện hương ước, quy ước của cộng đồng hoặc quy định, quy chế của cơ quan, tổ chức, nam, nữ bình đẳng trong việc tự ứng cử và được giới thiệu ứng cử đại biểu Quốc hội. | demographic social change and equality 133 associated with the trend towards earlier retirement influenced by increasing national per capita income. Longer education shorter working lives and longer retirement periods are all consequences of increased wealth. Once again these trends are not only age related but also gender related. For example unlike men female participation rates in the labour force have been increasing even among older women. Participation rates of older women are especially high in Nordic countries. In Sweden they have increased continuously since the 1950s and Sweden now has the highest participation rates of older women around 80 per cent for the group 55-59 and over 50 per cent for the group 60-64 . This has partially offset the decline in male labour force participation rates.64 Costs of health and long term care As described by Casey eta . 65 health care costs have risen rapidly as a share of GDP in many countries. Many if not most European countries have introduced measures to control costs and reforming healthcare systems is already a major policy concern. Looking forward spending is expected to increase further as the share of the elderly increases. This reflects the fact that the per capita consumption of healthcare services by the elderly is three to five times higher than for younger groups. This will affect both normal healthcare hospital and ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals and care services for the frail elderly. As seen in Table 1 for most European countries the projections indicate an average increase in health and longterm care spending of around 3-3.5 percentage points of GDP over the 2000-2050 period. Once again there are wide cross-country differences ranging from almost 5 per cent in the Netherlands to under 2 per cent in the UK.66 Because of the wide range of factors at play the importance of this increase is particularly difficult to judge. Against this background the crucial issues for long-term care policies concern .