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European Conquest and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Part 4

Tại lần họp thứ hai vào tháng 12 năm 1947 Ủy ban đã quyết định đặc tên "Dự luật Nhân quyền Quốc tế" cho một loạt các văn kiện chia thành ba nhóm: Một là tuyên bố, hai là quy ước (sau này đổi thành công ước), ba là các hướng dẫn thực hiện. | Wild men and other tales During the eighteenth century it became common to distinguish between different types or races of men and to arrange them in a hierarchical structure. One consequence was that by the end of that century savages became implicated in the idea of the Great Chain of Being. The thrust of this was that all living matter is arranged in a hierarchical pattern with mankind at the top.71 Thus in an address in 1795 to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Charles White asserted that n ature exhibits . an immense chain of beings endowed with various degrees of intelligence and active powers suited to their stations in the general system .72 At the top of the hierarchy in the Great Chain of Being above all other human races stood Europeans. Savages belonged to races that were at a lower level in this hierarchy. By the middle of the nineteenth century this idea of hierarchy was reinforced by the advent of Social Darwinism and then scientific racism which appealed to evolutionary theory and the spurious findings of craniol-ogy and phrenology to claim that the so-called lower races of savages were not fully human. To summarise wild men barbarians and savages are each categories that serve to set apart the civilised from the uncivilised and to establish the superiority of European culture and political organisation. The wildman is in a category apart from either the barbarian or the savage but is an element in the psychology of the European response to people labelled as barbarians and savages. Barbarians perhaps maybe usefully distinguished from savages as Montesquieu did when he argued that o ne difference between savage peoples and barbarian peoples is that the former are small scattered nations which for certain particular reasons cannot unite whereas barbarians are ordinarily small nations that can unite together .73 Alternatively barbarians might represent organised groups that have the capacity to effectively disrupt European states for .