Đang chuẩn bị liên kết để tải về tài liệu:
Making globalization work phần 4

Ngoài ra, khối lượng thương mại của gạo tăng 67,5% trong thập kỷ từ 1993-1995 và 2003-2005, trong khi bông tăng 48,8%, tươi và rau ướp lạnh bằng 69,7%, và cắt hoa bằng 72,9% trong cùng thời period. | Chapter 2. Globalization and the Least Developed Countries Issues in trade and investment 49 er than in any other region.14 Also the trade volume of rice was up 67.5 percent in the decade between 1993-1995 and 2003-2005 while cotton increased by 48.8 percent fresh and chilled vegetables by 69.7 percent and cut flowers by 72.9 percent during the same period.15 Nevertheless such price increases do not cover all commodities and their real magnitude has been diminished by exchange rate movements especially the US dollar. Furthermore while markets are likely to remain buoyant in the medium term the secular trend of declining real commodity prices may eventually reassert itself. Price movements moreover are not the only disadvantage for countries specialized in commodities since commodity production is not associated with the technological externalities and learning by doing which characterizes much of manufacturing and the technology oriented service industries. The challenge for these countries is to sustain or accelerate their growth momentum over the coming years by gaining ground in more knowledge based activities whilst simultaneously upgrading the quality of their commodity production.16 Furthermore LDCs more than other developing countries are affected by challenges associated with the specialization in extractive industries and are negatively affected by the phasing out of preferences on textiles and clothing.17 While the EU has essentially compensated both African and Asian LDCs for phasing out market access preferences in textiles through the introduction of wider GSP preferences i.e. EBA the United States has compensated only African LDCs for phasing out i.e. AGOA . Market access to the United States has thus eroded for many Asian LDCs especially in textiles and clothing. This affects some of the largest exporters of textiles and clothing amongst the LDCs.18 Bangladesh s RMG exports account for 76 percent of total export earnings the United States is the .