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Geoenvironmental Engineering Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation - Chapter 3

Hệ thống đất-nước QUAN HỆ MẶT 3.1 Các quy trình liên quan đến vận chuyển chất gây ô nhiễm và quyết định số phận trong đất bị ô nhiễm liên quan đến các thuộc tính của vật liệu và đất các chất ô nhiễm. Đến một mức độ rất lớn, các tính chất của bề mặt của chúng có ý nghĩa tối quan trọng kể từ khi cơ chế của sự tương tác giữa các chất gây ô nhiễm và các phần phân đoạn đất thông qua các bộ khác nhau của lý hóa các lực lượng liên quan với các. | CHAPTER 3 Soil-Water Systems 3.1 SURFACE RELATIONSHIPS The processes involved in pollutant transport and fate determination in contaminated soils involve the properties of both the soil material and the pollutants. To a very large extent the properties of their surfaces are of paramount significance since the mechanisms of interaction between pollutants and soil fractions are via the various sets of physico-chemical forces associated with their respective surfaces. Depending upon the level of detail and perspective required we can study the mechanisms of interaction by trying to quantify these interactions in terms of intermolecular forces and or energy relationships. These relationships can be viewed in thermodynamic terms as for example by studying the thermodynamics of soil water or in physico-chemical terms through considerations of chemical bonds and electrostatic energy relationships. When we are confronted with the existence of pollutants in the ground i.e. a contaminated site one of the first requirements is to determine the degree of risk posed by these pollutants in respect to human health and the environment. There is one very pressing question that needs to be addressed in assessing the problem How are the pollutants retained in the ground i.e. What controls the fate and persistence of each of the pollutants The fate and persistence of pollutants will be discussed in detail in the next four chapters. For this chapter we are concerned with a gaining the basic information that would permit us to understand the interactions between the soil fractions and water and b obtaining a better understanding of how the results of these interactions define the soil-water system. Here again because we are dealing with the soil-water system we will use more general term contaminants i.e. substances foreign to the natural soil system in this chapter to include both pollutants and non-pollutants. We consider a soil-water system to mean a soil mass that includes the soil