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Ecosystems and Human Health - Chapter 10

Độc tố nấm mốc và độc tố khác từ sinh vật đơn bào Độc tố nấm mốc là một nhóm các chất hóa học đa dạng và phức tạp hiện diện trong nhiều loại nấm sợi (nấm mốc). Họ là những chất chuyển hóa trung học của quá trình trao đổi chất nấm chức năng không chắc chắn. Một số có thể có một lợi thế sống sót nhờ có tính độc hại cho sinh vật cạnh tranh trong các vi môi trường. Chức năng sinh học của những người khác là không rõ ràng, nhưng nhiều người đã hoạt động. | chapter ten Mycotoxins and other toxins from unicellular organisms Anything green that grew out of the mould Was a wonderful drug to our fathers of old. Anonymous Introduction Mycotoxins are a group of chemically diverse and complex substances present in a wide variety of filamentous fungi molds . They are secondary metabolites of fungal metabolism of uncertain function. Some may have a survival advantage by virtue of their toxicity to competing organisms in the microenvironment. The biological function of others is unclear but many have significant biological activity and several are toxic to mammals. They therefore have significant public health and economic implications. It is estimated that 25 of the world s annual food crops are contaminated by mycotoxins. Some mycotoxins are of interest to pharmacologists and toxicologists because they have served as research tools to study cell function and to identify various types of neurotransmitters and blocking agents. Poisonous mushrooms are solid not filamentous spore-forming fungi that also constitute a health hazard and which have historic pharmacological significance but they are considered separately in Chapter 11. Some human health problems due to mycotoxins Reports of toxicity from molds are as old as recorded history. Ergotism The oldest recorded source of fungus poisoning is ergotism. Ergot is the common name for the fungus Claviceps purpurpea that affects cereal grains especially rye and that produces a number of very potent pharmacologically 2001 CRC Press LLC active agents that cause toxic reactions when people eat bread made from contaminated flour. Periodic epidemics of ergotism have occurred throughout history and in medieval times these were often attributed to supernatural causes. The earliest reference to ergot seems to have been on an Assyrian tablet circa 6000 B.C. which refers to a noxious pustule in the ear of grain. The Parsees an ancient religious community in India referred in their writings to