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Biological effects of surfactants - Chapter 3

3 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Anionic Surfactants The effects of aquatic media containing anionic surfactants on organisms is of great hydrobiological and ecological interest as these xenobiotics are released to the hydrosphere in largest amounts as compared with other surfactants. In most if not all countries including Russia, anionic surfactants predominate among the synthetic surfactants produced and used. In some countries, production and consumption of anionic surfactants reached 65% (on a weight basis) of the total consumption of surfactants (for the U.S.: Greek and Layman 1989). Anionic surfactants are the lion’s share of that 2.5 g of synthetic surfactants per citizen. | 3 Biological Activity of Waters Containing Anionic Surfactants The effects of aquatic media containing anionic surfactants on organisms is of great hydrobiological and ecological interest as these xenobiotics are released to the hydrosphere in largest amounts as compared with other surfactants. In most if not all countries including Russia anionic surfactants predominate among the synthetic surfactants produced and used. In some countries production and consumption of anionic surfactants reached 65 on a weight basis of the total consumption of surfactants for the U.S. Greek and Layman 1989 . Anionic surfactants are the lion s share of that 2.5 g of synthetic surfactants per citizen of the Russian Federation that daily enter the sewage and drainage systems the other components 7-8 g of ammonium salts 1.5-3.3 g of phosphates 8.5-9 g of chlorides and 1.8-4.4 g of sulfates Akulova and Bushtuyeva 1986 . Upon biological purification the water at the exit from the water treatment plants can contain 1.6 mg l of synthetic surfactants on a chlorine sulfonol basis as shown for one large water treatment plant in Moscow Gordeyeva and Kozlova 1980 . There were reports of anionic surfactants at about 200 mg l in the sewage water of light industry enterprises up to 15 mg l in mixed municipal sewage waters up to 0.25 mg l in the water of the Volga River an average at n 54 i.e. some individual measurements yielded significantly larger values 0.33 mg l in the Klyazma River Mozhayev 1989 and 2.4-2.8 mg l in the Black and Azov Seas Review of the State . 1976 . There are data about the negative impact of anionic surfactants on aquatic invertebrates Koskova and Kozlovskaya 1979 fish Metelev et al. 1971 Mozhayev 1976 Huber 1985 algae Leonova and Stavskaya 1980 Lenova et al. 1980 Lewis 1986 Nyberg 1988 Parshikova and Negrutsky 1988 Lipnitskaya et al. 1989 Sirenko 1991 Lewis 1991 Parshikova et al. 1994 and other organisms Rebandel and Dryl 1980 Potapov and Galagan 1983 Passet 1985 . A .