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CYANIDE in WATER and SOIL: Chemistry, Risk, and Management - Chapter 15

Ở đây, chúng tôi xem xét độc tính của hợp chất cyanide thuỷ sản phụ thuộc động vật hoang dã tiếp xúc thông qua nước uống và thực phẩm. Tập trung của chúng tôi là đánh giá bioavailability1 của cyanide từ khác nhau con đường tiếp xúc và mức độ độc tính thay đổi khi các hợp chất khác nhau xyanua truyền từ đường ruột vào máu. Cụ thể hơn, mục đích của tổng quan này là đánh giá các câu hỏi sau đây:. | 15 Toxicity of Cyanide to Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife Jeremy M. Clark Rick D. Cardwell and Robert W. Gensemer CONTENTS 15.1 Distribution of Cyanide in the Environment. 286 15.2 Exposure Pathways . 287 15.3 Mechanisms of Toxicity. 287 15.4 Literature Review Methods and Scope. 287 15.4.1 Data Quality Determination . 288 15.4.2 Data Normalization . 288 15.4.2.1 Normalization to mg kg Body Weight . 288 15.4.2.2 Normalization of Toxic Dose to Cyanide Ion. 289 15.4.2.3 Endpoint Normalization. 289 15.5 Data Analysis. 289 15.6 Discussion. 290 15.6.1 Route of Exposure Mammals. 290 15.6.2 Route of Exposure Birds . 303 15.6.3 Comparisons between Birds and Mammals. 304 15.6.3.1 Drinking Water. 304 15.6.3.2 Food . 304 15.6.3.3 Direct Injection. 304 15.6.4 Simple Cyanide versus Complex Cyanide Compounds . 304 15.7 Bioaccumulation of Cyanide . 305 15.8 Toxicity Thresholds for Cyanide . 305 15.9 Summary and Conclusions . 306 Acknowledgments . 306 References . 307 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s USEPA ambient water quality criteria AWQC for cyanide were developed in 1984 1 and have been used extensively to develop local water quality standards for protection of aquatic life. New knowledge on the relative toxicity of bioavailable cyanide species and the measurement of cyanide species 2 have prompted a reevaluation of the aquatic toxicity data that serve as the basis of the current national criteria 3 see also Chapter 14 . However AWQC for protection of aquatic life do not necessarily represent concentrations that would be protective of the entire aquatic ecosystem. Consideration also should be given to the sensitivity of wildlife species whose primary habitats are aquatic or are dependent on aquatic life as a food source. Aquatic-dependent wildlife is comprised of waterfowl shorebirds e.g. sandpipers and aquatic mammals e.g. otter beaver . 285 2006 by Taylor Francis Group LLC 286 Cyanide in Water and Soil Here we review the toxicity of cyanide compounds to .