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A DICTIONARY OF BASIC JAPANESE GRAMMAR – PART 11

Tham khảo tài liệu 'a dictionary of basic japanese grammar – part 11', ngoại ngữ, nhật - pháp - hoa- others phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | APPENDIXES 611 b Noun4-Adj 7 feel secure kokoro-zuyoi Lit. heart-strong hard to please ki-muzukashii Lit. spirit-difficult íêgliẵV grateful giri-gatai Lit. obligation-hard Notes In compound words the initial voiceless consonant i.e. plosives such as k-y t- fricatives such as S- h-y f- y affricates such as ÍS- ch- of the second element of the compound tends to become voiced as shown below e.g. hito 4 man koroshi 4 kill - hitogoroshi 4 manslaughter ami 4 net 4- to 4 door amido screen door ne sleep sake rice wine nezake 4 nightcap naga 4 long 4- anas 4 talk - nagabanashi 4 long talk ki 4 tree fune 4 boat kibune wooden vessel kokoro 4 heart 4- tsuyoi 4 strong - kokorozt yo 4 feel secure hana 4 nose chi blood hanaji 4 nosebleed Voicing however does not normally take place if one of the following conditions is met. 1. The second element is a borrowed word whose foreignness is still strongly felt. e.g. kyõiku 4 education 4- terebi 4 television derebi educational television kateiyỏ 4 home use 4- konpyũtã computer - kateiyõ g nnppy a home computer But if a borrowed word is free from 4 foreignness then voicing tends to take place. e.g. ame 4 rain 4-kappa 4 Portuguese capa - amagappa 4 raincoat iroha 4 Japanese alphabet 4-karuta Portuguese carta iroha-garuta 4 Japanese alphabet cards 2. The consonant of the second syllable of the second element is voiced e.g. hi sun kage shade - 4 shade ushiro back sugata appearance -. tUuSsh ozugata appearance from the back 612 APPENDIXES Appendix 8 Improving Reading Skill by Identifying an Extended Sentential Unit In Japanese the most important principle of word order is that the modifier precedes what is being modified. Characteristics of Japanese Grammar 1. Word Order The typical modifier modified word order in Japanese can be summarized as follows MODIFIER MODIFIED MEANING Adjective Noun jo LÔV omoshiroi interesting hito person an interesting person Adverb Adjective totemo very õkii big very big Adverb Verb ÌỄ hayaku quickly aruku walk .