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Muhammad ayub understanding islamic finance phần 5

Điều này có nghĩa rằng người mua đã thực hiện trách nhiệm của các rủi ro, ông được coi là chủ sở hữu của mặt hàng này, mặc dù tài sản / hàng hoá vẫn còn trong godown của người bán hoặc ngay cả trong bất kỳ quốc gia hoặc khu vực khác. | Overview of Financial Institutions and Products 193 5. The bank will charge a pre-agreed Mudarib fee as a percentage of the realized profit the bank can pay additional profit from its own share. 6. The investor will bear a loss unless it arises from misconduct or negligence of the Mudarib. Islamic banks may also agree to an arrangement with the central bank serving as a lender of last resort. One option is financing on a Mudarabah basis the central bank may agree to provide liquidity for say a three day grace period with ceilings followed by a Mudarabah with profit-sharing ratio heavily favouring the central bank to discourage the Islamic bank from resorting to the central bank s funds for longer periods. Another option is the sale and purchase of SharTah-compliant certificates Sukuk. Sukuk are important for liquidity management. In Sukuk an investor gets returns on the basis of ownership rather than interest. Ijarah Sukuk are more common instruments in this regard and are issued against assets for rental. To generate liquidity Sukuk can be sold purchased in the secondary market. If the regulatory structure allows Islamic banks can sell the Sukuk to the central bank to generate liquidity. Sukuk can be structured on an amortizing or bullet maturity basis. Foreign Exchange Operations Exchange of currencies and monetary units has to be subjected to the rules of Bai al Sarf i.e. it must be simultaneous. Accordingly spot purchase and sale of one currency against another currency is allowed forward purchase and sale is not allowed. However IFIs can enter into a promise to purchase and sell agreement. On this principle foreign currency forward cover is allowed with certain conditions as discussed in Chapter 14. In order to ensure that the transaction actually goes through parties may stipulate any earnest money. Negotiation of export documents is partially allowed. Government Public Sector Financing Government and public sector enterprises can obtain finance by way of .