Today, cancer research is focused on determining how genome and proteome level information may be useful as tools in prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. The development of “omics” technologies, such as proteomics and transcriptomics has opened new research areas for scientists working on cancer research. This book presents the latest advances in cancer genomics and proteomics focused on identification of tumoral biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in the most common human neoplasias including glioblastoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. In addition, critical reviews of the relevant roles of microRNAs, animal models and the application.